ABSTRACT The recovery of waste from the broiler production chain (BPC) is consistent with the principles of a circular economy. Besides turning waste into organic compost, its use as substrate for the production of vegetable seedlings further increases its economic value. However, it is necessary to adapt its characteristics to enable its use as substrate. To this end, the addition of boiler remnant charcoal wastes (BCW), another type of waste generated in the BPC, to the organic compost resulting from the composting of BPC waste with different bulking agents (BAs) was studied. The addition of BCW to agro-industrial compost reduced the electrical conductivity (EC) of substrates. Multiple linear regression showed that, of the 13 variables (physical, chemical and physicochemical) studied, three (EC, pH and N content) are sufficient to explain the seedling quality index (SQI). Simple nonlinear regression showed that, in order to achieve higher SQIs and easier removal of clod from tray, an additional 30% in weight of BCW is required for compost, using urban tree pruning, wood sawdust and sugarcane bagasse BAs. The use of cotton and Napier grass waste as BAs is not recommended for BPC waste mixtures, as they cause a large increase in substrate EC.

ABSTRACT The quality of the carbon used as bulking agent in the composting process directly affects the dynamics of the waste degradation, which is governed by an active and diversified microbiota. The monitoring of the basal respiration and enzymatic activities during the composting of broiler agro-industrial wastes with different carbon sources as bulking agents was the aim of this study. The microbiological activities were more intense in the thermophilic phase of the process. The dynamics of the enzymatic activities were affected by the different carbon sources used as bulking agent in the composition of the windrows. When the milled sugarcane bagasse was used as carbon source, the windrow presented the highest amount of P in its constitution and presented, in the evaluation averages, a greater intensity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme (842 μg g−1 h−1 p-nitrophenol compost); the highest intensities of β-glucosidase and cellulase enzymes were observed when fresh and ground napier grass was used as the main source of carbon (6.1 μmol g−1 h−1 p-nitrophenol compost and 35.2 μmol g−1 16h−1 glucose compost, respectively); the highest intensity of the urease enzyme was also observed in the windrow where napier grass was used as the main carbon source and bulking agent (205,890 μmol g−1 2 h−1 N-NH4+ compost). It can be concluded that napier grass when used as the main source of carbon and bulking agent in the composting of the wastes from broiler chicken production chain promotes greater intensity of most of the enzymatic activities of interest. The enzymatic activity of urease presented the highest values due to the high nitrogen content of the composted wastes.

RESUMO Visando avaliar diferentes águas residuárias na co-digestão anaeróbia de resíduos de incubatório foi realizado ensaio batelada conduzido em biodigestores horizontais de bancada. Ao final do processo foram determinados a produção e os potenciais de produção de biogás e de metano bem como a composição química (macro e micronutrientes) do efluente e a concentração de metano e gás carbônico aos 60 dias. O monitoramento do processo foi acompanhado pela redução de carbono orgânico, demanda química de oxigênio, sólidos totais e voláteis (ST e SV), além da variação do pH e da condutividade elétrica (CE). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as misturas entre resíduo fresco de incubatório e água residuária de suinocultura - ARS (T4) e resíduo fresco de incubatório + água da primeira lagoa anaeróbia do incubatório + ARS (T5) apresentaram os melhores potenciais de produção de biogás (192,50 e 205,0 L biogás por kg de SV adicionados, respectivamente). Aos 60 dias a concentração média de metano variou de 72 a 77% entre os tratamentos. Para todas as situações avaliadas observou-se redução de ST e SV e aumento do pH e da CE. Concluiu-se que a recuperação de energia dos resíduos de incubatório é favorecida pela adição de ARS em co-digestão anaeróbia.

ABSTRACT Aiming to evaluate different wastewaters in the anaerobic co-digestion (ACoD) of hatchery wastes, a batch test was conducted in bench horizontal digesters. At the end of the process, the potential production of biogas and methane was calculated as well as the chemical composition (macro- and micronutrients) of the effluent and the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide gas at 60 days. The monitoring of the process included observations of the reduction of the organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and total (TS) and volatile solids (VS), as well as the variation of pH and electrical conductivity (EC). The results showed that the mixing between the hatchery fresh waste and swine wastewater (T4) and among fresh hatchery waste, water from the first anaerobic pond of the hatchery and swine wastewater (T5) represent significant sources of renewable energy and thereby greater potential for biogas production (192.50 and 205.0 L biogas per kg of VS added to T4 and T5, respectively). The average concentration of methane in the biogas varied from 72 to 77% among the treatments. For all treatments, reductions were observed in TS and VS and increases in pH and EC. It was concluded that the energy recovery from hatchery wastes is favoured by the addition of swine wastewater in the ACoD process.

ABSTRACT The agro-industrialization of animal products has led to a significant waste generation, which has been stabilized by composting process in specialized plants. Waste stabilization time on composting depends on the handling used. 12 treatments were performed, three frequency turnings combined with two environmental conditions (with and without coverage of the composting area) and with and without commercial inoculant, whose results were submitted to multiple regression analysis. Windrows turned twice a week in the first month had adequate temperature control and stabilization time of 83.5 and 95.5 days for uncovered and covered windrows, respectively. Uncovered windrows have accelerated the process in 10 days on average, with the disadvantage of increasing nutrient losses. The weekly inoculation of Bacillus (subtilis, licheniformis and polymyxa) and Yarrowia lipolytica had no significant effect (p≥0.05).

ABSTRACT The growing demand for animal protein is directly related to the feedlot system of animals and their assumptions, such as the waste management. The characterization of the final products becomes an important factor in decision making by one or by other process. The objective was highlight characteristics that fertilizers present due to the used of stabilization process, by the principal component analysis. For the manure stabilization we realized three aerobic processes, composting, vermicomposting and natural decomposition, and one anaerobic, the anaerobic digestion. These processes produced the compost, the vermicompost, the decomposed manure and the biofertilizer. Fertilizers produced were analyzed by means of seventeen chemical and physic-chemical parameters. The main differences are related to stability and organic matter content. The compost is more stable fertilizer and decomposed manure is the worst. The vermicompost is presented as the best option to adsorb cadmium and lead. The biofertilizer has the lowest values of pH, CEC and adsorptive capacity of heavy metals (Cd and Pb). The decomposed manure in presence of precipitation, and the vermicompost, with significant irrigation, generates fertilizers with smaller source of potassium.

Potted gerbera is an ornamental plant that is widely commercialized in Brazilian markets. However, information on cultivation techniques is needed to meet growing demand, especially with regard to fertilization. This study was carried out to assess the growth of potted gerbera, Florist Red Black cultivar, with mineral and organic fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at UNIOESTE - Cascavel Campus - PR. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks with four replicates and five treatments. Treatments were defined according to the fertilization source, which were mineral (NPK) and organic. Organic fertilizers were obtained by diluting in water four organic composts from agroindustrial-waste composting processes. After obtaining composts, water dilution was performed, adjusting the nutritive solution electrical conductivity values. Gerbera plants were assessed fortnightly (0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days after acclimatization) for leaf area and shoot dry matter, which were adjusted for time using the ANACRES program to obtain the leaf area ratio (LAR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR). Fifty-six days after acclimatization, plants were assessed for number of leaves, plant diameter, leaf area, leaves and inflorescences dry phytomass, stem height, head diameter, and stem diameter. The highest relative growth rates were obtained in plants grown with organic compost in treatment 3. However, the net assimilation rate, which indicates dry matter conversion efficiency, was highest in plants with chemical fertilization (treatment 1).

La gerbera es una planta ornamental que es ampliamente comercializada en el mercado brasileño. Sin embargo, para satisfacer la creciente demanda, es necesario contar información sobre las técnicas de cultivo, destacando la fertilización. Este trabajo se realizó con el fin de evaluar el crecimiento de gerbera en maceta, cultivar Floristería Rojo Negro, fertilizado con un producto mineral y fertilización orgánica. El experimento se realizó en un invernadero ubicado en UNIOESTE - Cascavel Campus - PR. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos se definieron de acuerdo a la fuente de la fertilización mineral (NPP) y orgánico. La fertilización orgánica se obtuvo diluyendo cuatro compuestos orgánicos de proceso de compostaje de residuos agroindustriales en agua. Después de la obtención de estos compuestos, se ajustaron los valores de conductividad eléctrica de la solución nutritiva. En las plantas de gerbera se evaluó cada dos semanas (0, 14, 28, 42 y 56 días después de la aclimatación), el área foliar y la materia seca, que se ajusta en relación con el tiempo con el programa ANACRES, con el fin de obtener la relación de área foliar (LAR), tasa de crecimiento relativo (RGR) y la tasa de asimilación neta (NAR). 56 días después de la aclimatación, se evaluó en el número de hojas, diámetro de la planta, área foliar, hojas e inflorescencias de fitomasa seca, altura de tallo, diámetro de la cabeza y el diámetro del tallo. Las mayores tasas de crecimiento relativo se obtuvieron en plantas realizados con abono orgánico en el tratamiento 3. Sin embargo, la tasa de asimilación neta, que indica la eficiencia de conversión de materia seca, fue mayor en las plantas con la fertilización química, en el tratamiento 1.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, determinar o desempenho dos substratos alternativos no desenvolvimento radicular e na parte aérea da beterraba e do repolho, tal como no seu comportamento no campo em consórcio e monocultivo. Foram realizados dois experimentos em blocos casualizados cujos tratamentos foram: T0 (substrato Plantmax®); T1 (100% de composto); T2 (50% de composto, 20% de areia, 20% de casca de arroz carbonizada e 10% de pó de basalto); T3 (45% de composto, 20% de areia, 20% de casca de arroz carbonizada e 15% de pó de basalto); T4 (40% de composto, 5% de areia e 15% casca de arroz carbonizada e 20% de pó de basalto) e T5 (35% de composto, 5% de areia e 15% de casca de arroz carbonizada e 25% de pó de basalto). O primeiro experimento foi em bandejas de 200 células; o segundo foi no campo em monocultivo e consociado com tratamentos constituídos pelos substratos utilizados em bandeja. No canteiro para o repolho os substratos em monocultivo e consorciado apresentaram acúmulos semelhantes de massa seca da cabeça; já para beterraba o diâmetro da raiz com o substrato comercial apresentou superioridade para o consórcio comparado ao monocultivo, enquanto para a produção de beterraba e repolho em sistema de monocultivo e consorciado podem ser recomendados os substratos alternativos.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of alternative substrates for the development of the root system in the shoots of beetroot and cabbage seedlings as well as their behavior in field under monoculture and consortium systems. Two experiments were performed in randomized block design with the use of the following treatments: T0 (Plantmax® substrate); T1 (100% of compost); T2 (50% of compost, 20% of sand, 20% of carbonized rice hulls and 10% of basaltic dust); T3 (45% of compost, 20% of sand, 20% of carbonized rice hulls and 15% of basaltic dust); T4 (40% of compost, 5% of sand, 15% of carbonized rice hulls and 20% of basaltic dust) and T5 (35% of compost, 5% of sand and 15% of carbonized rice hulls and 25% of basaltic). The first experiment was performed in trays of 200 cells and the second one in the field under monoculture system and in consort with the treatments composed of the substrates used in the trays. For the cabbage production in the field, substrates used in consortium and in monoculture showed similar results regarding the accumulation of dry mass in the shoot of the plant. As for the the beetroot, the diameter of the roots with commercial substrate was greater under consortium system when compared to monoculture system. For the production of beetroot and cabbage in monoculture and consortium systems, alternative substrate can be recommended.

Os diferentes sistemas de criação animal no modelo industrial promovem alterações físicas e químicas nas dejeções. Na engorda de bovinos no modelo de confinamento para novilhos superprecoces, tem-se uma inversão na proporção entre volumoso (V) e concentrado (C), ou seja, os animais recebem quantidade inferior de volumoso quando comparado ao sistema tradicional de confinamento, o que implica modificações das dejeções e, consequentemente, no sistema de tratamento utilizado. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se determinar os potenciais de produção de biogás em biodigestores de bancada operados no sistema batelada, alimentados com dejetos de novilhos superprecoces que receberam duas dietas diferenciadas pelas proporções entre V e C, contendo ou não inóculo na composição do substrato e submetidos a três níveis de temperatura (25º, 35° e 40° C). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: redução de sólidos totais (ST), redução de sólidos voláteis (SV) e potencial de produção de biogás. Os biodigestores alimentados com dejetos provenientes de animais que receberam a dieta 2 (80%C + 20%V), apresentaram as maiores reduções de ST e SV. Quanto aos potenciais de produção de biogás, houve interação entre os fatores dieta e inóculo, porém não se observou efeito da temperatura. O tratamento contendo os dejetos provenientes de animais alimentados com a dieta 2, sem a utilização de inóculo, apresentou o maior potencial de produção de biogás por kg de ST adicionado (0,2123 m³).

Physical and chemical characteristics of manure are modified by different animal production systems. In cattle feeding system for young bulls there is an inversion of the proportion between forage and concentrate. In other words, the animals receive a smaller amount of forage compared to the traditional system. These changes in the manure characteristics involve changes in the treatment systems. The aim of this study was to determine the potential production of biogas of batch digesters fed with manure from young bulls that received two diets containing different proportions between forage and concentrate, with or without inoculums and submitted to three levels of temperature (25, 35 and 40(0)C). The evaluated parameters were total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) reduction and biogas potentials production. The digesters fed with manure from animals that received the diet 2 (80%C + 20% R) showed the largest reductions of TS and VS. About the potentials of biogas production there was interaction between the factors diet and inoculums, but no effects of temperatures. The treatment content manure from animals fed with diet 2 without inoculums presented the greatest potential of biogas production per kg of TS added (0.2123 m³).

O manejo na compostagem pode influenciar nas características dos compostos produzidos. O experimento utilizou três frequências de revolvimentos, combinadas às condições: com e sem cobertura do pátio de compostagem; com e sem uso de inoculante comercial, resultando em 12 leiras, instaladas no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola (NEEA), pertencente à Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Câmpus de Cascavel. Os resíduos e quantidades utilizadas em kg foram: sabugo de milho (7,5); resíduo de incubatório (5); lodo de flotador (31); cinza (1); resíduo da limpeza de trigo (120); resíduo da pré-limpeza de trigo (120); casquinha de milho (7,5); fração sólida da lavagem de caminhões usados no transporte de frangos (2); fração sólida do dejeto de suínos (1), e carvão (5), perfazendo um total de 300 kg em matéria natural. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos revolvimentos, a cobertura do pátio e a inoculação nas perdas de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn e Fe. As leiras revolvidas três vezes por semana no primeiro mês apresentaram perdas de N significativamente maiores (p<0,05). A cobertura do pátio de compostagem influenciou significativamente nas perdas de N, K, Mg e Na (p<0,05). Os compostos produzidos apresentaram alto valor agronômico em relação a macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Recomendam-se a utilização de cobertura do pátio e o revolvimento de duas vezes por semana, no primeiro mês, e uma vez nos meses subsequentes, para obter-se um composto com maior valor nutricional.

The management of composting may influence the characteristics of the produced compounds. The experiment used three frequencies of plowing, combined with the conditions: with and without coverage of the composting patio, with and without the use of commercial inoculant, resulting in 12 furrows, installed on the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEEA), of the STATE UNIVERSITY OF WEST PARANÁ (UNIOESTE), Campus of Cascavel city - state of Paraná (PR), in Brazil. The waste and quantities used in kg were: corn cob (7.5); hatchery residue (5); floater sludge (31); ash (1); wheat cleaning residue (120); wheat pre-cleaning residue (120); corn peel (7.5); solid fraction of wash trucks used to transport chickens (2); solid fraction of pig manure (1) and coal (5), totaling 300kg of natural matter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plowings, patio coverage and inoculation in losses of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe. The furrows plowed three times a week in the first month showed significant higher losses of N (p<0.05). The coverage of the composting patio influenced significantly the losses of N, K, Mg and Na (p<0.05). The produced compounds had a high agronomic value in relation to macro and micronutrients. It is recommended the use of patio coverage and plowing twice a week in the first month and once a week in the subsequent months for a compound with higher concentrations of nutrients.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o desenvolvimento das mudas de almeirão em diferentes substratos orgânicos e verificar o comportamento em bandejas, após o transplante no campo e na pós-colheita, constituindo três experimentos. Foram avaliados o uso do substrato comercial e quatro misturas de proporções de composto, areia e pó de basalto. Foram quatro fases de avaliação: aos 13 e 26 dias após a emergência (DAE), aos 74 dias após o transplante e na pós-colheita. Avaliaram-se o comprimento e a massa da matéria seca de raiz e de parte aérea, número de folhas por planta, diâmetro do coleto, área foliar e a conservação pós-colheita. O composto orgânico e as misturas foram superiores ao substrato comercial, na maioria das características avaliadas nos 13 e 26 DAE; entretanto, o substrato comercial superou os demais tratamentos para o comprimento de raiz. Os substratos orgânicos (T2 e T3) podem ser recomendados para a produção de mudas de almeirão com desenvolvimento satisfatório em sistema de cultivo em bandejas e a campo e, de igual forma, em pós-colheita; o uso de composto orgânico como substrato para produção de mudas propiciou o desenvolvimento de mudas mais vigorosas e plantas mais resistentes no campo do que o substrato comercial.

This study aimed to evaluate the development of chicory seedlings in different organic substrates and verify its behavior in trays, after transplanting in field and in post-harvest, constituting three experiments. Commercial substrate and four mixtures with different proportions of compost, basalt powder and sand were evaluated. Four stages of assessment were: 13 and 26 days after emergence (DAE), at 74 days post-transplant and post-harvest. The length and dry mass of roots and shoots, number of leaves plant-1, stem diameter, leaf area and post-harvest conservation were evaluated. The organic compost and the mixtures were superior to commercial substrate in most of the characteristics evaluated at 13 and 26 DAE. However, the commercial substrate was superior to other treatments for root length. The organic substrates can be recommended for seedling production of chicory with a satisfactory development in trays and in the field, and also at post-harvest. The use of compost as a substrate for seedlings provided the development of more vigorous seedlings and stronger plants in field than the commercial substrate.

O sistema plantio direto (SPD) é uma técnica eficiente no controle da erosão do solo porém alguns estudos indicam a ocorrência de compactação, principalmente na camada superficial. Estratégias que elevem o teor de matéria orgânica, como a rotação de culturas e a adubação orgânica, podem ser utilizadas para resolver este problema. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo (rotação e sucessão de culturas) e adubações (mineral, orgânica e organomineral) sobre as propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade do milho, de 2006 a 2008. As avaliações foram realizadas em fevereiro de 2007, após a colheita do milho de verão, e em setembro de 2008, após a colheita do milho safrinha. A rotação de culturas promoveu redução na densidade e resistência do solo à penetração e elevação na macroporosidade e porosidade total. O uso de fontes orgânicas de adubação não apresentou efeito sobre os atributos físicos do solo. Na safra de verão a produtividade do milho foi superior na sucessão de culturas e na adubação mineral; entretanto, na safrinha não houve diferença entre os sistemas de manejo nem entre as adubações.

No-tillage system is an efficient technique in control of soil erosion, when compared with conventional tillage, however, some studies indicate higher compaction under no-tillage, mainly in the surface layer. Strategies that increase the organic matter content, as crop rotation and organic fertilization, can be used to solve the soil compaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil managements (crop succession and crop rotation) and fertilization (organic, mineral and organic-mineral) in the physical properties of the soil, under no-tillage system, from 2006 to 2008. The evaluations were carried out in February 2007, after the summer corn harvest, and in September 2008, after the winter corn harvest. Crop rotation decreased the soil density and soil resistance to penetration and increased the macroporosity and total porosity. The use of organic sources of fertilization did not affect any of the physical attributes of soil. The yield of summer corn was highest in succession crop and mineral fertilization, however, in the winter, there was no difference between the soil managements and among the fertilizations.

Em virtude da compostagem ser uma alternativa viável e eficiente no tratamento de resíduos agroindustriais, objetivou-se avaliá-la em resíduos provenientes do abate de bovinos e suínos. Confeccionaram-se 12 leiras de compostagem utilizando-se resíduos de frigorífico, palha de trigo e serragem de madeira. O processo foi avaliado pelo monitoramento diário da temperatura, observação da ocorrência de parâmetros indesejáveis (presença de odores desagradáveis e/ou amoniacais, formação de chorume e presença de moscas e larvas) e pela capacidade de reciclagem de nutrientes. Os parâmetros indesejáveis foram observados, em média, nos primeiros cinco dias após a confecção das leiras; as temperaturas se elevaram, atingindo picos acima de 70 ºC; quanto à composição química do composto, esta apresentou teores relevantes de macro e micronutrientes demonstrando alto potencial de reciclagem. Recomenda-se a utilização de piso impermeável e estrutura de cobertura durante a compostagem. A freqüência de revolvimentos adotada (15 dias após a confecção da leira, seguida de revolvimentos semanais) foi adequada. A melhor relação de peso encontrada foi de 7,2 kg de resíduos para cada kg de palha e 16,6 kg de resíduos para cada kg de serragem.

Composting has been a viable and efficient alternative treatment to agroindustrial waste. This experiment was installed with the objective of analyzing the process of composting for slaughterhouse waste. Twelve piles of composting were prepared, using slaughterhouse waste, wheat straw and wood sawdust. The process was evaluated by daily temperature monitoring, observations of the occurrence of undesirable parameters (bad smell and/or ammoniacal smell, grease formation and presence of grubs and flies), as well as the capacity of recycling nutrients. The undesirable parameters were observed, on average, for the first five days after pile building; the temperatures increased, reaching 70 ºC; chemical composition of compost showed relevant contents of macro and micronutrients, a high recycling potential. Utilization of impermeable floor and roof are recommended during the composting. The turning frequency used (15 days after pile building followed by turning) was adequate. The best relation of weight was 7.2 kg of waste for each kg of straw and 16.6 kg of waste for each kg of sawdust.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de quatro sistemas para compostagem de carcaça de aves pelo monitoramento diário da temperatura, análise da presença ou ausência de Salmonella sp., contagem de coliformes totais (CT) e fecais (CF) e reciclagem de nutrientes. Os sistemas avaliados foram: Leira com aeração (LCA), Leira sem aeração (LSA), Composteira com aeração (CCA) e Composteira sem aeração (CSA). O processo de compostagem foi conduzido em dois estágios. No primeiro, as carcaças foram intercaladas com cama de aviário, palha e água. No segundo estágio, a massa de compostagem foi transferida para um pátio onde o material foi revolvido e umedecido semanalmente até a estabilização. Detectou-se a presença de Salmonella sp nos sistemas LSA e CSA ao final do primeiro estágio, desaparecendo após o segundo estágio. No composto, observou-se redução do número de CT e CF e dos teores de N e C, além de acréscimo dos demais nutrientes. Concluiu-se a favor da realização da compostagem em qualquer um dos sistemas avaliados e importante realizar um segundo estágio da compostagem, tanto para eliminação de patógenos como para obtenção de um composto com melhores características agronômicas.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the performance of four poultry carcasses composting systems through daily temperature monitoring, in the absence and presence of Salmonella sp., total (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) number and nutrients recycling. The evaluated systems were: Piles with aeration (1), Piles without aeration (2), Composters with aeration (3) and Composters without aeration (4). The process was carried out in two stages. The first stage was performed by arranging the carcasses with straw and water. In the second stage the compostage mass was transferred to a composting area where the material was revolved and wetted weekly until stabilization. The presence of Salmonella sp in the systems 2 and 4 at the end of the first stage was detected disappearing after the second one. In the compost a reduction in the number of TC and FC and of N and C contents as well as an increase in the rest of nutrients by the end of second stage was observed. It may be concluded that it is possible to perform the poultry carcass composting in anyone of the evaluated systems and is important to perform a second stage in the composting process to eliminate pathogens as well as to obtain a compost with better agronomic characteristics.

O processo de compostagem foi avaliado por meio do monitoramento diário da temperatura em leiras confeccionadas com o resíduo da indústria de desfibrilação de algodão e tipos de inóculo. Foram avaliadas seis leiras, divididas em dois sistemas: com aeração e sem aeração, sendo estudados, em cada sistema, três tipos de inóculo: esterco bovino diluído em água; esterco bovino, e conteúdo ruminal. Avaliou-se, também, a porcentagem de redução de volume nas leiras quando se intensificaram os revolvimentos, visando a obter informações para fins de dimensionamento do pátio de compostagem. Os compostos produzidos foram transferidos para minhocário e amostras do produto após a compostagem e após a vermicompostagem foram analisadas quimicamente com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de nutrientes. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o conteúdo ruminal utilizado como inóculo tende a apresentar valores mais altos de temperatura na fase inicial (fase ativa) e menores na fase final (maturação), embora, independentemente do tipo de inóculo utilizado, a estabilização praticamente tenha ocorrido no mesmo período; o sistema com aeração possibilitou, em todos os tratamentos, estabilização mais rápida do material, quando comparado ao sistema sem aeração; a intensificação dos revolvimentos possibilitou diminuição do tempo de retenção com redução de 46% no volume final, e a composição química dos vermicompostos apresentou-se enriquecida quando comparada aos compostos produzidos.

The composting process performance was evaluated through diary temperature monitoring at piles made with the waste of cotton carding industry and kinds of inocule. Were evaluated six piles divided in two systems: with aeration and without aeration. In each system three kinds of inocule: cattle waste diluted in water; cattle waste and rumen were studied. In a second phase three piles with rumen intensifying the turnings aiming to evaluate the reduction of weight and volume in order to evaluate the dimension of a composting area were also conducted. All the composts produced were transferred to a earthworm creation area and samples of the product after the composting and after the vermicomposting were chemically analyzed aiming to evaluate the nutrients content. The results obtained showed that: the rumen as a inocule presents high values of temperatures in the initial phase (active phase) and low values in the final phase (maturity) although independently of the inocule the stabilization occurred at the same time; the system with aeration allowed in all treatments a faster material stabilization when compared to the system without aeration; the intensification of turnings in the second phase allowed the decreasing of the composting time and 46% of final volume reduction; the chemical composition of the vermicomposts showed enriched when compared with the composts produced.

Avaliou-se o efeito da aeração no primeiro estágio do processo de compostagem em carcaças de aves mediante o monitoramento de parâmetros físicos (temperatura), químicos (reciclagem de nutrientes) e microbiológicos (coliformes fecais, totais, ausência ou presença de Salmonella sp). O processo de compostagem desenvolveu-se em dois estágios, o primeiro em composteiras com e sem aeração e o segundo no pátio de compostagem. A temperatura máxima atingida, considerando a média semanal, no primeiro estágio, foi de 56,1 ºC e 54,1 ºC (com e sem aeração) e 66,2 ºC e 61,9 ºC (com e sem aeração), respectivamente, para o primeiro e o segundo carregamentos realizados nos sistemas, enquanto no segundo estágio foi de 53,6 ºC e 61,1 ºC; 64,6 ºC e 66,3 ºC, respectivamente, para os sistemas com e sem aeração nos dois carregamentos realizados. Não houve diferença de temperatura entre os sistemas no primeiro estágio do processo a ponto de impedir o desenvolvimento de Salmonella sp ocorrido no primeiro carregamento, em ambos os sistemas. Entretanto, a redução de coliformes totais e fecais bem como a ausência de Salmonella sp nas amostras do composto pronto, em ambos os sistemas, permite inferir sobre a necessidade da realização de um segundo estágio tanto para garantir a biossegurança do processo como para a obtenção de um composto com melhores características agronômicas.

The effects of aeration in the first stage of poultry carcasses composting through the monitoring of physics parameters (temperature), chemicals (nutrients recycling) and microbiologic (total and fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp absence or presence) were evaluated. The composting trial was carried out in two stages, the first at composters with or without aeration and the second at the composting area. The maximum temperature attained, considering weekly average, in the first stage was 56.1 ºC and 66.2 ºC (with and without aeration) and 54.1 ºC and 61.9 ºC (with and without aeration), respectively for the first and second loading system, while in the second stage was 53.6 ºC and 64.6 ºC; 61.1 ºC and 66.3 ºC, respectively for the systems with or without aeration in the two loading. The results obtained showed that didn't have any difference of temperature between treatments at the first stage of the process to impede the development of Salmonella sp occurred in the first loading in both systems. However, the decrease of total and fecal coliforms as well as the absence of Salmonella sp at the compost samples in both system allow to infer about the necessity to realize the second stage as much to guarantee the biosecurity of the process as to obtain a compost with better agronomic characteristics.